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Elektra
0.8.15
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You might want to read about data structures first.
It is sometimes unavoidable that errors occur that ultimately have an impact for the user. Examples for such an error are that hard disc space is exhausted. For a library it is necessary to pass information about the facts and circumstances to the user because the user wants to be informed why a requested action failed. So Elektra gathers all information in these situations. We call this resulting information error information and warning information depending on the severity.
If the occurred error is critical and ultimately causes a situation that the post conditions cannot be fulfilled we say that Elektra comes into a faulty state. Such a faulty state will change the control flow inside Elektra completely. Elektra is unable to resolve the problem without assistance. After cleaning up resources, a faulty state leads to immediate return from the function with an error code. As a user expects from a library, Elektra never calls exit() or something similar, regardless of how fatal the error is. In this situation error information should be set.
On the other hand, for many problems the work can go on with reasonable defaults. Nevertheless, the user will be warned that a problem occurred using the warning information. These situations do not influence the control flow. But applications can choose to react differently in the presence of warning information. They may not be interested in any warning information at all. It is no problem if warning information is ignored because they are stored and remain accessible in a circular buffer. The implementation prevents an overflow of the buffer. Instead the oldest warnings are overwritten.
When error or warning information is presented to the user, it is called error message or warning message. The user may reply to this message in which way to continue.
When an error in an faulty state occurs, the error information must still hold the original error information. So even in problems that would cause a faulty state, otherwise, the error information must be omitted or transformed to a warning information. In some places only the adding of warning information is possible:
kdbClose() is to free the handle. This operation is always successful and is carried out even if some of the resources cannot be freed. Therefore, in kdbClose(), setting error information is prohibited. Warning information is, however, very useful to tell the user the circumstance that some actions during cleanup failed.kdbOpen(), only adding warning information is allowed. If kdbOpen() is not able to open a plugin, the affected backend will be dropped out. The user is certainly interested why that happened. But it was decided not to make it an faulty state, because the application might not even access the faulty part of the key hierarchy. An exception to this rule is if kdbOpen() fails to open the default backend. This situation will induce an faulty state.kdbSet(), the cleaning up of resources involves calling plugins. But during this process Elektra is in a faulty state, so only adding of warning information is allowed. This ensures that the original error information is passed unchanged to the user.On the other hand, any access to the key database can produce warning information. Plugins are allowed to yield warning information at any place and for any reason. For example, the storage plugin reading a configuration file with an old syntax, is free to report the circumstance as warning information. Warning information is also useful when more than one fact needs to be reported.
Reporting errors is a critical task. Users expect different aspects:
longjmp in C. A plugin is free to add, for example, jmp_buf information to the error information.It is certainly not a good idea to put all this previously mentioned information into a single string. Elektra chooses another way described in the next chapter.
As stated above, a library always informs the user about what has happened, but does not print or log anything itself. One way to return an error information is to add a parameter containing the error information. In the case of Elektra, all KDB methods have a key as parameter. This key is additionally passed to every plugin. The idea is to add the error and warning information as metadata to this key. This approach does not limit flexibility, because a key can hold a potentially unlimited number of metakeys.
The error information is categorised in metadata as follows:
Additional metakeys yield all the details.
error/reason. It states why the error occurred. One example for it is ''no disc space available''.kdb'' if the error occurred inside the core. It contains ''module'' if the error happened while loading a module. The metavalue is ''plugin'' if the error information comes from a plugin.As we see, the system is powerful because any other text or information can be added in a flexible manner by using additional metakeys.
The error specification in Elektra is written in simple colon-separated text files. Each entry has a unique identifier and all the information we already discussed above. No part of Elektra ever reads this file directly. Instead it is used to generate source code which contains everything needed to add a particular error or warning information. With that file we achieved a central place for error-related information. All other locations are automatically generated instead of having error-prone duplicated code. This principle is called ''Don't repeat yourself''.
In Elektra's core and plugins, C macros are responsible for setting the error information and adding warning information. In C only a macro is able to add the file name and line number of the source code. In language bindings other code may be generated.
Key and KeySet functions cannot expose more error information than the error code they return. But, of course, errors are also possible in these functions. Typically, errors concern invalid key names or null pointers. These problems are mostly programming errors with only local effects.
The most interesting error situations, however, all occur in KDB. The error system described here is dedicated to the four main KDB functions: kdbOpen(), kdbGet(), kdbSet() and kdbClose(). The place where the configuration is checked and made persistent is the source of most error information. At this specific place a large variety of errors can happen ranging from opening, locking up and saving the file. Sometimes in plugins, nearly every line needs to deal with an error situation.
Exceptions are a mechanism of the language and not just an implementation detail. Exceptions are not intended to force the user to do something, but to enrich the possibilities. In this section, we discuss two issues related to exceptions. On the one hand, we will see how Elektra supports programming languages that provide exceptions. On the other hand, we will see how the research in exceptions helps Elektra to provide more robustness.
C does not know anything about exceptions. But Elektra was designed so that both plugins and applications can be written in languages that provide exceptions. One design goal of Elektra's error system is to transport exception-related information in a language neutral way from the plugins to the applications. To do so, a language binding of the plugin needs to catch every exception and transform it into error information and return an error code.
Elektra recognises the error code, stops the processing of plugins, switches to a faulty state and gives all the plugins a chance to do the necessary cleanups. The error information is passed to the application as usual. If the application is written in C or does not want to deal with exceptions for another reason, we are finished because the application gets the error information inside metadata as expected. But, if the application is written in another language, the binding translates the error code to an exception and throws it. It is worth noting that the source and target language do not need to be the same.
Such a system needs a central specification of error information. We already introduced such a specification file in error specification. The exception classes and converters can be generated from it. An exception converter is either a long sequence of try-catch statements that transforms every known exception into an appropriate metakeys. Each exception thrown by the plugin has to be caught. Alternatively, a converter can be a long switch statement for every error number. In every case the appropriate exception is thrown.
The motivation for using exceptions is that in C every return value has to be checked. On the other hand, the C++ exception mechanism allows the programmer to throw an exception in any place and catch it where it is needed. So in C++ the code is not cluttered with parts responsible for error handling. Instead, in a single place all exceptions of a plugin can be transformed to Elektra's error or warning information. The code for this place can be generated automatically using an exception converter.
Applications not written in C can also benefit from an exception converter. Instead of using the metadata mechanism, the error information can be converted to the exception mechanism already used for that application. We see that Elektra is minimally invasive in this regard.
We can learn from the way languages define the semantics for exception safety. Exception safety is a concept which ensures that all resources are freed regardless of the chosen return path. Basic guarantees make sure that some invariants remain on an object even in exceptional cases. On the other hand, strong guarantees assure that the investigated operation is successful or has no effect at all. Methods are said to be exception safe if the object remains in a valid state. The idea of exception safety is to ensure that no resource leaking is possible. kdbSet() written in C++ would look like:
try {
plugin[1].set(); // may throw plugin[2].set(); // may
throw plugin[3].set(); // may throw ...
plugin[PLUGIN_COMMIT].set(); // now all changes are
committed
} catch (...) {
// error situation, roll back the changes
plugin[1].error(); // does not throw plugin[2].error();
// does not throw plugin[3].error(); // does not throw ...
// now all changes are rolled back return -1;
} // now do all actions on success after commit
plugin[POSTCOMMIT].set(); // does not throw ... return 1; //
commit successful
This pseudo code is much clearer than the corresponding C code. Let us explain the guarantee Elektra provides using this example. One by one plugin gets its chance to process the configuration. If any plugin fails, the semantics resemble that of a thrown exception. All other plugins will not be executed. Instead, the plugins get a chance to recover from the faulty state. In this catch part, the plugins are not allowed to yield any error information, but they are allowed to add warnings.
Continue reading with the algorithm.
1.8.8